Although the cause of benign breast disorders, especially fibrocystic changes, is unknown, endocrine disorders with decreased thyroid function have been shown to associate with these changes. Thyroid disorders are one of the most common endocrine disorders more common in women than men. In some previous reports, the significant association between fibrocystic breast changes and PCOS has been reported while in some others, no association has been established. Fibrocystic breast changes are common in women aged 20 to 50 years and their symptoms such as nipple pain and discharge can adversely affect the life quality of premenopausal women. Fibrocystic breast changes are the most common benign breast changes, found in 50% of women undergoing clinical examination and 90% of women undergoing histopathological examination. Studies have shown that approximately half of women who visit clinics with breast-related symptoms are affected by benign breast disorders, e.g., fibrocystic changes which occur in 50% of patients over the age of 30 years. Breast complaints account for a significant proportion of women's health problems with a prevalence of 16% to 50% in various reports. In this guideline, PCOS was defined as the presence of hyperandrogenism and one or both features of oligo/amenorrhea and polycystic ovaries on sonography. Later in 2006, the AES guideline was developed for PCOS diagnosis. In 2003, the Rotterdam system defined PCOS as the presence of two out of three criteria of clinical/laboratory evidence of hyperandrogenism, oligo/amenorrhea, and the polycystic ovaries on sonography. In 1990, the NIH guideline was proposed for the diagnosis of PCOS with two criteria of oligo/amenorrhea and clinical/laboratory findings of hyperandrogenism. There are three types of diagnostic systems for PCOS: the NIH guideline, the Rotterdam system, and the AES guideline. This population is also at an increased risk of acanthosis nigricans, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, visceral obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and endometrial cancer. Patients with PCOS are at risk for a wide range of endocrine and metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance (IR) and the metabolic syndrome. Patients may also experience irregular bleeding and infertility. Clinical symptoms of this syndrome include hirsutism, acne, and alopecia. The prevalence of this disease based on different diagnostic criteria, including the ones of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Rotterdam, and the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society (AES), is estimated between 9 and 18%, the highest rate of which belongs to Western societies. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormonal disorder of women in the childbearing age and the leading cause of hyperandrogenism and ovulation disorders which cause impaired fertility. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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